This book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ΔΨ collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic DRESS and GELS principles, nanoparticles to cure chronic multidrug-resistant (MDR) diseases, antioxidants as free radical scavengers, CB antagonists, CP regulators, and CS stabilizers to curb CB molecular pathogenesis (CBMP) are described for better quality of life and longevity. Specific guidelines for environmental protection and preservation of zoological and botanical species at the verge of extinction, Triple "I" Hypothesis for mitochondrial quality control, and transcriptional regulation of CSexR and CSendoR to cure chronic diseases are presented. Novel CP index is introduced to evaluate MDR malignancies and other chronic diseases. WHO, CDC, FDA, NIH, policy planners, cosmetologists, trichologists, players, athletes, dancers, wrestlers, equestrians, young women, aging population, toxicologists, environmental protectionists, pharmaceutical industry, biomedical scientists, researchers, medical students, physicians, nurses, paramedical professionals, and global audience will be interested in this interesting book to prevent pandemics and raise healthcare awareness.

This book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic DRESS and GELS principles, nanoparticles to cure chronic multidrug-resistant (MDR) diseases, antioxidants as free radical scavengers, CB antagonists, CP regulators, and CS stabilizers to curb CB molecular pathogenesis (CBMP) are described for better quality of life and longevity. Specific guidelines for environmental protection and preservation of zoological and botanical species at the verge of extinction, Triple "I" Hypothesis for mitochondrial quality control, and transcriptional regulation of CSexR and CSendoR to cure chronic diseases are presented. Novel CP index is introduced to evaluate MDR malignancies and other chronic diseases. WHO, CDC, FDA, NIH, policy planners, cosmetologists, trichologists, players, athletes, dancers, wrestlers, equestrians, young women, aging population, toxicologists, environmental protectionists, pharmaceutical industry, biomedical scientists, researchers, medical students, physicians, nurses, paramedical professionals, and global audience will be interested in this interesting book to prevent pandemics and raise healthcare awareness.

Diversified physicochemical injuries trigger Charnoly body (CB) formation as pleomorphic, electron-dense, multi-lamellar stacks of nonfunctional mitochondrial membranes in the most vulnerable cell. Free radicals induce downregulation of mitochondrial DNA, microRNA, AgNOR, and epigenetics to trigger CB molecular pathogenesis. CB is eliminated by energy (ATP)-driven lysosome-dependent charnolophagy as a basic molecular mechanism of intracellular detoxification to prevent acute and chronic diseases. Accumulation of CB at the junction of axon hillock and charnolosome (CS) at the synapses causes cognitive impairments; whereas, nonspecific induction of CB causes GIT stress, myelosuppression, alopecia, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and infertility in multidrug-resistant malignancies. Hence, stem cell-specific CB, charnolophagy, and CS agonists/antagonists are introduced as novel charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the successful treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, drug addiction, and cancer. Nanoparticles to improve drug delivery, CS exocytosis, and disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics employing correlative and combinatorial bioinformatics boost mitochondrial bioenergetics through balanced diet, exercise, and antioxidants. The book will be of interest to medical scientists and practitioners.

Diversified physicochemical injuries trigger Charnoly body (CB) formation as pleomorphic, electron-dense, multi-lamellar stacks of nonfunctional mitochondrial membranes in the most vulnerable cell. Free radicals induce downregulation of mitochondrial DNA, microRNA, AgNOR, and epigenetics to trigger CB molecular pathogenesis. CB is eliminated by energy (ATP)-driven lysosome-dependent charnolophagy as a basic molecular mechanism of intracellular detoxification to prevent acute and chronic diseases. Accumulation of CB at the junction of axon hillock and charnolosome (CS) at the synapses causes cognitive impairments; whereas, nonspecific induction of CB causes GIT stress, myelosuppression, alopecia, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and infertility in multidrug-resistant malignancies. Hence, stem cell-specific CB, charnolophagy, and CS agonists/antagonists are introduced as novel charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the successful treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, drug addiction, and cancer. Nanoparticles to improve drug delivery, CS exocytosis, and disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics employing correlative and combinatorial bioinformatics boost mitochondrial bioenergetics through balanced diet, exercise, and antioxidants. The book will be of interest to medical scientists and practitioners.

This book deals with all the aspects of osteoporosis from its types, causes, nutrition, exercise tips, fractures and a detailed explanation of management. It includes special chapters on bone health in school children, youth and osteoporosis, management of fractures and osteoporosis in women. Various osteoporosis related exercise tips for different age groups has been illustrated.

Nova Science Publishers now introduce an interesting book on research to help reduce global tobacco-related diseases in four volumes. Volume One describes general topics on nicotinism and the emerging role of electronic cigarettes; Volume Two describes basic molecular biology of nicotinism; Volume Three describes emerging biotechnology in nicotinism; and Volume Four describes chronic diseases associated with nicotinism and disease-specific-spatiotemporal (DSST) charnolosomics and charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the targeted, safe and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism. This book is written primarily for readers interested in learning more about the basic molecular biology, recent biotechnology, and molecular genetics for diseases linked to nicotinism as well as their possible prevention and cure. A novel disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics along with conventional omics (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and metallomics) with correlative and combinatorial bioinformatic analysis is proposed for the first time to accomplish targeted, safe, and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism for a better quality of life. This book is written primarily for the health and well-being of highly vulnerable adolescents, who engage in drug seeking behavior (particularly tobacco and alcohol), become victims of chronic addiction, and suffer from poor quality of life, early morbidity, and mortality. Moreover, nicotine exposure during intrauterine life can induce diversified embryopathies (such as abortion, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, microcephaly, craniofacial abnormalities, growth retardation, ADHD, autism, and craniofacial abnormalities) in developing infants; likewise, asthma, COPD, cancer, and infertility occurs in adults. The primary goal is to minimize nicotine-induced early morbidity and mortality due to asthma, emphysema, cancer, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, infertility, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, and several other neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, which are elegantly described in this book. Volumes Three describes emerging biotechnology in nicotinism in three sections: Section One illustrates emerging biotechnology in nicotinism, consisting of eight chapters: Chapter One Evaluation of Nicotinism by Flow Cytometry and Other Emerging Biotechnology (Molecular Neuroimaging); Chapter Two Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Immunophenotyping of Nicotinism (A Flow Cytometric Analysis of Charnoly Body Dynamics in Nicotinism); Chapter Three Flow Cytometric Analysis of Charnolophagy and Charnolosome Exocytosis/Endocytosis in Nicotinism; Chapter Four Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Nicotine and Nicotinism; Chapter Five Pet Neuroimaging in Nicotinism (With Special Reference to Nicotinic Acetyl Choline Receptor Imaging); Chapter Six Multimodality Molecular Neuroimaging in Nicotinism; Chapter Seven Personalized Theranostic Potential of Nanomedicine in Nicotinism; and Chapter Eight Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Charnolopharmacotherapeutics in Nicotinism. Section Two: Disease-Specific Personalized Theranostics of Nicotinism highlights disease-specific personalized theranostics of nicotinism in Chapter Nine, and Section Three: Clinical Management of Nicotinism details harmful aspects and therapeutic benefits of nicotine in Chapter Ten. While each volume will serve as a textbook for biomedical students and as a reference book for researchers, scientists, doctors, and professors, all four of the volumes systematically will certainly enhance the existing knowledge and wisdom regarding nicotinism and drug addiction in general. It is envisaged that readers (researchers, doctors, nurses, teachers, students (particularly high school and college students) and the general public will enjoy learning the most recent and novel personalized theranostic approaches currently being implemented in this clinically-significant discipline by carefully going through the most interesting and thought-provoking contents of this book.

Nova Science Publishers now introduce an interesting book on research to help reduce global tobacco-related diseases in four volumes. Volume One describes general topics on nicotinism and the emerging role of electronic cigarettes; Volume Two describes basic molecular biology of nicotinism; Volume Three describes emerging biotechnology in nicotinism; and Volume Four describes chronic diseases associated with nicotinism and disease-specific-spatiotemporal (DSST) charnolosomics and charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the targeted, safe and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism. This book is written primarily for readers interested in learning more about the basic molecular biology, recent biotechnology, and molecular genetics for diseases linked to nicotinism as well as their possible prevention and cure. A novel disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics along with conventional omics (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and metallomics) with correlative and combinatorial bioinformatic analysis is proposed for the first time to accomplish targeted, safe, and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism for a better quality of life. This book is written primarily for the health and well-being of highly vulnerable adolescents, who engage in drug seeking behavior (particularly tobacco and alcohol), become victims of chronic addiction, and suffer from poor quality of life, early morbidity, and mortality. Moreover, nicotine exposure during intrauterine life can induce diversified embryopathies (such as abortion, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, microcephaly, craniofacial abnormalities, growth retardation, ADHD, autism, and craniofacial abnormalities) in developing infants; likewise, asthma, COPD, cancer, and infertility occurs in adults. The primary goal is to minimize nicotine-induced early morbidity and mortality due to asthma, emphysema, cancer, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, infertility, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, and several other neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, which are elegantly described in this book. Volume Two describes the basic molecular biology of nicotinism in two sections. Section One (Concepts & Mechanism) consists of seven chapters, while Section Two (Clinical Management of Nicotinism) consists of two chapters. While each volume will serve as a textbook for biomedical students and as a reference book for researchers, scientists, doctors, and professors, all four of the volumes systematically will certainly enhance the existing knowledge and wisdom regarding nicotinism and drug addiction in general. It is envisaged that readers (researchers, doctors, nurses, teachers, students (particularly high school and college students) and the general public will enjoy learning the most recent and novel personalized theranostic approaches currently being implemented in this clinically-significant discipline by carefully going through the most interesting and thought-provoking contents of this book.

Tobacco addiction (also known as nicotinism) remains a preventable healthcare challenge in the entire world and is the most significant cause of loss pertaining to national and international economy and productivity. Nicotinism poses a significant challenge to the general health and well-being of adolescents, pregnant women, and developing infants. Adolescents are highly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and suffer from poor quality of life, early morbidity, and mortality. Nicotine exposure during intrauterine life can induce diversified embryopathies (such as abortion, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, microcephaly, craniofacial abnormalities, growth retardation, ADHD, autism, and craniofacial abnormalities) in developing infants; likewise, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cancer, and infertility can develop in adults. Tobacco smoking kills nearly six million people each year, and almost five million of these deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while nearly 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Nearly 80% of the world's one billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries. Some tobacco smoking-related health risks include: lung cancer, COPD, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, asthma, reproductive anomalies, premature low birth weight infants, diabetes, blindness, cataracts, macular degeneration, and nearly ten types of cancer, including colon, cervix, liver, stomach and pancreatic cancer. There are roughly 7,000 toxic chemicals in tobacco which can directly or indirectly cause cancer, stroke, and heart attack to induce early morbidity and mortality. At least seventy chemicals have been implicated in inducing cancer. A persons life span is reduced at least ten years when smoking tobacco. Nicotine is the primary ingredient in tobacco, possessing a highly addictive potential which causes physical tolerance and psychological dependence, with severe withdrawal symptoms and potential for relapse. Chronic smokers find it extremely difficult to quit smoking as the success rate is only 33%. Although several preventive as well as therapeutic measures have been implemented to minimize the risks of numerous illnesses associated with tobacco smoking, a considerable amount of research is needed to further minimize this devastating, yet preventable addiction from the entire world. Recent trends in the reduction of smoking in several countries including the US, Canada, and Australia seems quite encouraging; yet smoking in several other countries such as Serbia, Slovenia, Russia, China, and India remains a significant challenge. Recently, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) emerged as the next generation of nicotine products with different brand names in the market. Although their popularity has increased particularly among adolescents in the Western world, the extent of psychiatric comorbidity with e-cigarettes use and dual use of conventional (combustible) vs e-cigarettes remains uncertain. As many as 460 new brands of e-cigarettes have been introduced. Older brands tend to highlight their merits over conventional (incinerating) cigarettes while newer brands emphasize consumer choice in multiple flavors and product versatility. Public awareness and proper education (particularly for young adolescents) will go a long way in early prevention and successful clinical management of nicotinism. Nova Science Publishers have now released an interesting book in four volumes for learning more about the basic molecular biology, molecular genetics, emerging biotechnology, diseases linked to nicotinism and their possible prevention and cure. The primary objective is to minimize nicotine-induced early morbidity and mortality due to asthma, emphysema, cancer, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, infertility, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, and several other neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, which are systematically described in this book. This book presents recent knowledge and wisdom regarding the harmful and therapeutic benefits of tobacco smoking by incineration or by vaping through e-cigarettes. Volume One describes general topics on nicotinism and the emerging role of electronic cigarettes; Volume Two describes the basic molecular biology of nicotinism; Volume Three describes emerging biotechnology in nicotinism; and Volume Four describes chronic diseases associated with nicotinism and charnolopharmacotherapeutics. A novel disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics and conventional omics (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and metallomics) with correlative and combinatorial bioinformatics is proposed for the first time to accomplish targeted, safe, and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism for a better quality of life. In Volume One, the author presents general topics on nicotinism and the emerging role of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in nine chapters. Chapter One describes historical and general aspects of tobacco smoking and nicotinism; Chapter Two describes the epidemiology of adolescent smoking; Chapter Three describes the global prevalence of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence; Chapter Four describes the global cost of smoking and loss of economy and productivity; Chapter Five describes chemical constituents of tobacco and tobacco product ingredients; Chapter Six describes physiological and pharmacological properties of nicotine; Chapter Seven describes nicotinism relapse; Chapter Eight describes a recent update on smoking and health-related issues, and Chapter Nine describes the genetics of nicotinism.

Nova Science Publishers, New York, U.S.A has now released Personalized Medicine (Beyond PET Biomarkers), which is an extension of the authors recently published book Progress in PET Radiopharmaceuticals: Quality Control and Theranostics. In addition to recently-developed clinically-significant PET-RPs as biomarkers, this book describes various other emerging biotechnologies including: genomic medicine, nanotechnology, novel molecular biomarkers, and noninvasive imaging biotechnologies for early theranostics and personalised patient care, with minimum or no adverse effects. New therapeutic interventions including gene and cell therapies, pharmacogenomics, next generation sequencing, genome-wide association studies, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, systems biology complementing areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, human investigations and clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoepidemiology, and population pharmacology are some of the most significant disciplines of predictive, precision, and personalised medicine (PM) as described in this book. More specifically, different sub-specialties of omics biotechnology including: genomic, proteomic, glycomic, lipidomic, metabolomics, metalomic, and microRNA biomarkers are described to accomplish early and personalised theranostics of chronic illnesses with currently limited therapeutic options and success. Recent advances in nanotechnology and novel biomarkers to accomplish personalised theranostics of chronic diseases including, but not limited to: cancer, fetal alcohol syndrome, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, vascular dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Usually, nanoparticles (NPs) are trapped in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) comprising the lungs, liver, and spleen. To prevent their entry into the RES system and enhance drug targeting, stealth property of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a covalent linker is utilised. However, pegylation may reduce the biological activity of the antibody or other labile molecule attached to NPs. Therefore, positively-charged chitosans and negatively charged alginates have been developed. Liposomal encapsulated Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) was approved in the early seventies for the treatment of breast cancer. In addition, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) property of newly synthesised micro vessels of a hyper proliferating tumor is utilised to selectively invade the cancer stem cells is intricately described. Various noninvasive in-vivo imaging technologies including computerised tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with magnetic-resonance spectroscopic (MRS) capability, single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), ultra sound alone or as hybrid images to obtain precise 5D anatomical landmarks, regional physiology, and biochemistry of the human body organs at cellular, molecular, and genetic level in health and disease are described. The book also describes in-vitro methods to acquire images of tissues and cells in culture employing digital infrared imaging, digital fluorescence microscopic, confocal microscopic, and fluorescence resonance transfer (FRET) resonance imaging for detecting apoptosis and/or necrosis at the cellular, molecular and genetic level. This timely-released manuscript will attract basic scientists, researchers, and physicians interested in further developing the emerging concept of personalised medicine (PM), and will serve as a textbook for Masters, M.D., and Ph. D students, and a reference book for doctors, professors, basic researchers, scientists, and general public. The author has explained recently-discovered novel biomarkers for the personalised diagnosis and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and other chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, migraine, and rheumatoid arthritis to accomplish the long quested goal of evidence-based personalised theranostics (EBPT). Recently-discovered disease-specific biomarkers can be successfully employed alone or in combination for the personalised treatment of chronic multidrug-resistant illnesses. Particularly, progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as fetal alcohol syndrome, Parkinsons disease, drug addiction, Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and demyelinating relapse and remission multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are described in detail because personalised treatment of these devastating diseases is currently a significant challenge. There are several other chronic drug resistant pro-inflammatory and infectious diseases, which could not be covered in sufficient detail owing to the lack of expertise, time, and limited space allocated to write this dedicated and clinically significant book. The author apologises to the entire global scientific community for his own ignorance, and humbly requests readers to go through the books interesting and most recent contents to enhance their basic knowledge regarding personalised medicine beyond PET biomarkers, which is one of the most demanding disciplines of modern medicine.

Volume 2 offers in-depth knowledge about depression and its alleviation through dietary interventions as described briefly in Volume 1. This volume is intended for the benefit of the general public and the entire medical community interested in the effective clinical management of depression of diversified origin and to improve the therapeutic success through dietary interventions and other recently developed novel and disease-specific biomarkers for personalised treatment. This book is devoted particularly to provide recent knowledge about important healthy diets and their therapeutic potential in depression. In addition, it covers various clinically-significant aspects of disease-specific depression and its alleviation with specific dietary interventions. This volume highlights emerging knowledge about major depressive disorders (MDDs) with limited treatment success at the moment. Volume 2 consists of three parts. Part I describes various types of diets and depression; Part II describes disease-specific depression and its alleviation with specific dietary interventions; Part 3 describes recently discovered novel biomarkers and their clinical significance in diagnosis and personalised treatment of depression. This volume is written with a primary objective to highlight the clinical significance of specific dietary interventions early in the course of treatment and provide neuroprotection by inhibiting hippocampal and hypothalamic Charnoly body (CB formation) primarily involved in the etiopathogenesis of depression. CB is a universal preapoptotic biomarker of cell injury which is formed as a consequence of free radical overproduction during nutritional and/or environmental toxic insult in most vulnerable (stem) cells. CB formation is involved in progressive neurodegeneration and depression as a consequence of compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics. A detailed description of CB formation, its prevention and/or inhibition by antioxidants and/or pharmacological agents is provided in this volume for the effective treatment of MDDs. In addition, this book provides recent knowledge regarding emerging novel biomarkers and their clinical significance in the differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of depression. There are numerous anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, growth-promoting antioxidants in our diet including flavonoids and polyphenols which can enter CNS without any allergic reaction about which limited knowledge is as yet available. This volume provides further insight along these directions and emphasises the significance of tryptophan rich diet, omega-3 fatty acids, B-Vitamins, Vitamin D3, minerals, and antioxidants for healthy living at any age.

Depression is a complex global health challenge with considerable economical and psychological burden. Women, adolescents, and aging subjects are highly vulnerable to suffer from depression. Depression is linked to numerous modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Its effective treatment involves both psychotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Currently available pharmacotherapeutical agents used for the treatment of depression have a low margin of safety and reduced therapeutic index with deleterious adverse effects including osteoporosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, infertility and even fatalities if abused. It is now realized that a healthy life style and consuming diets rich in Mediterranean component can ameliorate minor to moderate symptoms of depression. In this regard, tryptophan-rich diets, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids such as fish, olive oil, and Flax seed oil, whole grains, soy bean, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 along with iron and vitamin D3 are highly significant for alleviating various symptoms of depression.

I3E 2009 was held in Nancy, France, during September 23-25, hosted by Nancy University and INRIA Grand-Est at LORIA. The conference provided scientists andpractitionersofacademia, industryandgovernmentwithaforumwherethey presented their latest ?ndings concerning application of e-business, e-services and e-society, and the underlying technology to support these applications. The 9th IFIP Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, sponsored by IFIP WG 6.1. of Technical Committees TC6 in cooperation with TC11, and TC8 represents the continuation of previous events held in Zurich (Switzerland) in 2001, Lisbon (Portugal) in 2002, Sao Paulo (Brazil) in 2003, Toulouse (France) in 2004, Poznan (Poland) in 2005, Turku (Finland) in 2006, Wuhan (China) in 2007 and Tokyo (Japan) in 2008. The call for papers attracted papers from 31 countries from the ?ve con- nents. As a result, the I3E 2009 programo?ered 12 sessions of full-paper pres- tations. The 31 selected papers cover a wide and important variety of issues in e-Business, e-servicesande-society, including security, trust, andprivacy, ethical and societal issues, business organization, provision of services as software and software as services, and others. Extended versions of selected papers submitted to I3E 2009 will be published in the International Journal of e-Adoption and in AIS Transactions on Enterprise Systems. In addition, a 500-euros prize was awarded to the authors of the best paper selected by the Program Comm- tee. We thank all authors who submitted their papers, the Program Committee members and external reviewers for their excellent

Cotton (Gossypium L.), the king of fibres, is an industrial commodity of worldwide importance. It has the slowest early growth and the lowest nutrient uptake initially which increases rapidly afterwards. Approximately the uptake of 76% of total N, 86% of P and 82% of K take place in cotton between 49-99 days after planting. Broadcasting of fertilizers, especially P and K, produces fixation problems due to more soil contact. Nearly 58-71%, 30-40% and less than 2% of total cotton growing roots are located in the top 20, 20-40 and below 40cm soil depth, respectively. Further, it is feasible to grow cotton with reduced tillage. The reduced-tillage production methods results into decrease in the number of tractor operations by 41% to 53%, fuel use by 48% to 62% and overall production costs by 14% to 18%. A tractor operated cotton precision planter was developed and evaluated for differential rate application of fertilizers at different depths along rows of seed placement under reduced tillage conditions. The development planter shall be especially useful to professionals in precision farming in cotton, or anyone else who is related to the production in cotton.

The advancement of computing and communication technologies have profoundly accelerated the development and deployment of complex enterprise systems, creating an importance in its implementation across corporate and industrial organizations worldwide.""The Handbook of Research on Enterprise Systems"" addresses the field of enterprise systems with more breadth and depth than any other resource, covering progressive technologies, leading theories, and advanced applications. Comprising over 25 articles from 47 expert authors from around the globe, this exhaustive collection of highly developed research extends the field of enterprise systems to offer libraries an unrivaled reference.This title features: 27 authoritative contributions by over 45 of the world's leading experts on enterprise systems from 16 countries; comprehensive coverage of each specific topic, highlighting recent trends and describing the latest advances in the field; more than 800 references to existing literature and research on enterprise systems; and, a compendium of over 200 key terms with detailed definitions. It is organized by topic and indexed, making it a convenient method of reference for all IT/IS scholars and professionals. It also features cross-referencing of key terms, figures, and information pertinent to enterprise systems.

I3E 2009 was held in Nancy, France, during September 23-25, hosted by Nancy University and INRIA Grand-Est at LORIA. The conference provided scientists andpractitionersofacademia, industryandgovernmentwithaforumwherethey presented their latest ?ndings concerning application of e-business, e-services and e-society, and the underlying technology to support these applications. The 9th IFIP Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, sponsored by IFIP WG 6.1. of Technical Committees TC6 in cooperation with TC11, and TC8 represents the continuation of previous events held in Zurich (Switzerland) in 2001, Lisbon (Portugal) in 2002, Sao Paulo (Brazil) in 2003, Toulouse (France) in 2004, Poznan (Poland) in 2005, Turku (Finland) in 2006, Wuhan (China) in 2007 and Tokyo (Japan) in 2008. The call for papers attracted papers from 31 countries from the ?ve con- nents. As a result, the I3E 2009 programo?ered 12 sessions of full-paper pres- tations. The 31 selected papers cover a wide and important variety of issues in e-Business, e-servicesande-society, including security, trust, andprivacy, ethical and societal issues, business organization, provision of services as software and software as services, and others. Extended versions of selected papers submitted to I3E 2009 will be published in the International Journal of e-Adoption and in AIS Transactions on Enterprise Systems. In addition, a 500-euros prize was awarded to the authors of the best paper selected by the Program Comm- tee. We thank all authors who submitted their papers, the Program Committee members and external reviewers for their excellent

While emerging information and internet ubiquitous technologies provide tremendous positive opportunities, there are still numerous vulnerabilities associated with technology. Attacks on computer systems are increasing in sophistication and potential devastation more than ever before. As such, organizations need to stay abreast of the latest protective measures and services to prevent cyber attacks.""The Handbook of Research on Information Security and Assurance"" offers comprehensive definitions and explanations on topics such as firewalls, information warfare, encryption standards, and social and ethical concerns in enterprise security. Edited by scholars in information science, this reference provides tools to combat the growing risk associated with technology.

Business intelligence has always been considered an essential ingredient for success. However, it is not until recently that the technology has enabled organizations to generate and deploy intelligence for global competition. These technologies can be leveraged to create the intelligent enterprises of the 21st century that will not only provide excellent and customized services to their customers, but will also create business efficiency for building relationships with suppliers and other business partners on a long term basis. Creating such intelligent enterprises requires the understanding and integration of diverse enterprise components into cohesive intelligent systems. Anticipating that future enterprises need to become intelligent, Intelligent Enterprises of the 21st Century brings together the experiences and knowledge from many parts of the world to provide a compendium of high quality theoretical and applied concepts, methodologies, and techniques that help diffuse knowledge and skills required to create and manage intelligent enterprises of the 21st century for gaining sustainable competitive advantage in a global environment. This book is a comprehensive compilation of the state of the art vision and thought processes needed to design and manage globally competitive business organizations.

Nova Science Publishers now introduce an interesting book on research to help reduce global tobacco-related diseases in four volumes. Volume One describes general topics on nicotinism and the emerging role of electronic cigarettes; Volume Two describes basic molecular biology of nicotinism; Volume Three describes emerging biotechnology in nicotinism; and Volume Four describes chronic diseases associated with nicotinism and disease-specific-spatiotemporal (DSST) charnolosomics and charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the targeted, safe and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism. The most interesting and unique feature of this book is that it introduces the original concept of disease-specific spatio-temporal (DSST) charnolosomics along with conventional omics (including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and metallomics) by employing combinatorial and correlative-bioinformatics to accomplish targeted, safe, and effective perosonalized theranostics of nicotinism. This book presents basic molecular biology and pharmacogenomics of nicotinism and the emerging role of e-cigarettes as an alternative to reduce tobacco cravings and related health risks, and to prevent second hand smoking-related health risks. The book illustrates specifically the novel concept of mitochondrial bioenergetics-based charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the clinical management of nicotinism with future prospects to minimize tobacco smoking behavior, and/or quit smoking with minimum withdrawal symptoms. This book presents recent knowledge and wisdom regarding more harmful aspects and limited therapeutic benefits of tobacco smoking through incineration or by vaping through e-cigarettes. The book is primarily for the health and well-being of highly vulnerable adolescents, who engage in drug seeking behavior, become victims of chronic tobacco addiction, and suffer from poor quality of life, early morbidity, and mortality. Moreover, tobacco exposure during intrauterine life can induce diversified embryopathies (such as abortion, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, microcephaly, craniofacial abnormalities, growth retardation, ADHD, autism, and craniofacial abnormalities) in developing infants; and asthma, COPD, cancer, and infertility in adults. Hence, the primary goal is to minimize tobacco-induced early morbidity and mortality due to asthma, emphysema, cancer, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, infertility, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, and several other neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.. Volume Four describes chronic diseases associated with nicotinism and novel disease-specific-spatiotemporal (DSST) charnolosomics and charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the targeted, safe and effective personalized theranostics of nicotinism. This volume is systematically presented in three sections. Sections One: Disease-Specific Nicotinism consists of eight chapters: Chapter One Nicotine and Stroke; Chapter Two Nicotine and Diabetes; Chapter Three Nicotine and Obesity; Chapter Four Nicotine and Parkinsons Disease; Chapter Five Nicotine and Alzheimers Disease; Chapter Six Nicotine and Schizophrenia; Chapter Seven Nicotine and Major Depressive Disorders; and Chapter Eight Nicotine and Cancer. Section Two: Charnolopharmacotherapeutics of Nicotinism consists of Chapter Nine, which describes the therapeutic potential of disease-specific spatiotmporal charnolopharmaceuticals in nicotinism, and Section Three highlights conclusions and future directions. Those interested in learning more about the basic molecular biology, molecular genetics, emerging biotechnology, diseases linked to nicotinism, and their possible prevention and cure will find this book interesting, exciting, motivating, and thought-provoking. This book is written primarily for biomedical students, researchers, scientist, professors, doctors, nurses, and any members of the general public interested in enhancing their existing knowledge and wisdom regarding the deleterious effects of both conventional as well as emerging e-cigarettes on human health and well-being, particularly among adolescents and young adults.

The author was motivated to write this important book because currently there is no systematically-written document on the ZIKV disease, which could serve at this crucial moment as a textbook for medical students, physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers as well as a reference book for basic researchers, professors, and the general public. The original concept of ZIKV-Charnolopathy due to compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics in highly vulnerable (neural progenitor cells, spermatocytes, oocytes etc.) cells and its amelioration by physiological and/or pharmacological interventions is based on years of research experience. This book describes unique organ and disease-specific Charnoly body (CB) inhibitors, charnolophagy inducers, CB sequestration inhibitors, and chanolophagosome stabilisers as promising charnolopharmacotherapeutics. They are meant to aid in the prevention and treatment of the ZIKV-linked diversified spectrum of neurodevelopmental anomalies (embryopathies) in newborn infants and Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) in adults. Clinical management of ZIKV-induced GBS employing IV immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is also described.

The purpose of Creating Knowledge Based Healthcare Organizations is to bring together some high quality concepts closely related to how knowledge management can be utilized in healthcare. It includes the methodologies, systems, and approaches needed to create and manage knowledge in various types of healthcare organizations. Futhermore, it has a global flavour, as we discuss knowledge management approaches in healthcare organizations throughout the world. For the first time, it is possible to have so many of the concepts, tools, and techniques relevant to knowledge management in healthcare in this one volume so that the reader can understand all the components required to utilize knowledge.